SHAYS’S REBELLION AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION Essay -- Essays Papers

SHAYS’S REBELLION AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION Introduction Although not widely known, Shays’s Rebellion greatly impacted the debate on sovereignty and led many to conclude that the only possible solution was the centralization of power in a national authority. Historian John Garraty notes, â€Å"The lessons became plain: Liberty must not become an excuse for license; and therefore greater authority must be vested in the central government.†[1] While this effect was not the â€Å"rebels’† intended goal, Shays’s Rebellion helped shape the construction of the U.S. Constitution and the American political thought that has since followed. An analysis of both the causes and effects of Shays’s Rebellion highlights its contribution to the demise of the Articles of Confederation and the ratification of the Constitution. What was Shays’s Rebellion? In the winter of 1786-1787, many farmers protesting the foreclosure of their farms took up arms and stormed county courthouses across Massachusetts. All over New England, there existed a growing frustration with the American postwar situation under the Articles of Confederation. Massachusetts farmers’ disconnection from the Boston government rendered the situation more volatile than anywhere else. â€Å"Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Vermont instituted harsh laws to stem the growth of insurrection. But inland Massachusetts was so heavily agrarian that the rebellion gathered steam.†[2] Backcountry farmers banded together in mobs of up to one thousand men and marched to different cities, rioting in front of prominent shops and courthouses in order to make their frustrations heard. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a former officer in the Contine... ...94 [15] Szatmary 103 [16] Kenney [17] Marion L. Starkey, A Little Rebellion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1955), xiv. [18] Richards 67 [19] Richard D. Brown, â€Å"Shays’s Rebellion and Its Aftermath: A View from Springfield, Massachusetts, 1787,† The William and Mary Quarterly 40, no. 4 (1983), 598-615. [20] Harper’s Monthly Magazine 660 [21] Harper’s Monthly Magazine 661 [22] Starkey 235 [23] Houston Chronicle, â€Å"Side by side memorials tell both sides of 1787 Shays Rebellion,† 6 February, 1987, 8. [24] Kenney [25] Robert A. Feer, â€Å"Shays’s Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation,† The New England Quarterly 42, no. 3 (1969), 388-410. [26] Szatmary 123 [27] Houston Chronicle [28] Starkey 242 [29] Jackson [30] Jonathan Clark, â€Å"The tree of liberty refreshed,† The Times, 28 November 1996, 1.

Comparison of Two Texts, “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest” and “to Kill a Mocking Bird” Essay

How do the authors of To Kill a Mockingbird and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest use literary techniques to explore the concepts of isolation? Isolation and courage in the form of racism and discrimination is an analogous concept explored in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Kesey’s novel One flew over the cuckoo’s nest. The authors exemplify the conflicts of isolation displayed by the protagonists and glorifies a broad range of literary techniques to foreshadow the ideas contrasted within the novels. The historical, cultural and social values of society are prefigured throughout the novels displaying the author’s ideas and perceptions of isolation in humanity. Through various literary techniques, the text creators use social, cultural and historical settings to explore the theme of isolation illustrated by conflict of social isolation within the novels. Discrimination and racism of isolation are explored in both novels. Harper Lee’s novel To kill a mocking bird displays the isolation of racism within the conflicts of the protagonist, whilst Ken Kesey’s, One flew over the cuckoo’s nest discriminatory isolation within the social, cultural and historical values of society. Harper Lee’s Novel â€Å"To kill a mocking bird† was published on July 11th 1960; this during a time of racial discretion making the novel such a controversial text. To kill a mocking bird illustrates isolation in the form of racism, displayed by the main conflict of the novel; thus demonstrating the involvement of isolation within the text. This involvement of isolation is foreshadowing the idealism of the characters within the text, evoking the reader perception to be controlled by the author. This isolation is demonstrated with the case of Tom Robinson being accused of rape due to his racial skin colour. This racial form of isola tion is present within modern day society, within social values. You aren’t really a nigger-lover, then, are you?†, â€Å"I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody†¦ I’m hard put, sometimes—baby, it’s never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you how poor  that person is, it doesn’t hurt you.† (11.107-109). Racial isolation is a historical connection positioning the reader to reconnect to events within our own history . â€Å"Well if we came out durin’ the Old Testament it’s too long ago to matter†, â€Å"That’s what I thought,† said Jem, â€Å"but around here once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black.† (Line, 16, Page, 78-81) This quote illustrates the questioning of the reasons for racism within society and referrers back to religious beliefs of equality. As children trying to digest a reason just because it is stated by society is almost an impossible feet. The relationship formed between Tom and the reader throughout the story allows the reader to sympathise with his circumstances. Social Statues of Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest delivers the social ranking of society within the ward. Racial discrimination of modern day values is brought upon within the aspects of the ward. The head nurses are of ethnic skin colour whilst the boys below that clean the ward and look after the patients are of black skin colour. The author reflected the discrimination of social statues in the ward as it is in society, this positions the reader to see the valued connections and perceptions being delivers by the author. This discrimination also occurs within Lee’s To Kill a Mocking Bird. Tom Robison is on trial for case not committed, but has been accused because he is a large black man. Within the course of this novel the reader recognises the traits of innocence within all characters , as the course of the novel proceeds the innocents of all characters fades, connection to the overarching metaphor â€Å"to kill a mocking bird†, therefore to kill the innocents of the characters . Kesey and Lee both use the characters to annotate the social issue of isolation within society. Ken Kesey’s One flew over the cuckoo’s nest was written during 1962. 1962 was known as the freedom summer, which developed the fight for civil rights among black people in the US and worldwide. This historical setting of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest influenced the ideologies throughout the inscription of this novel. Ken Kesey developed his conceptual ideas of isolation through the setting of the characters. These concepts are developed through the protagonists, B Randle Patrick McMurphy and Nurse Ratchet. McMurphy challenges all aspects of rules and regulations within the psychiatric ward. McMurphy’s rebellion forces the reader to  observe his understanding of insanity. The ward is a metaphor of a social statement being made by the author, perceiving society as the same as the ward; controlled, under authority and McMurphy is an example of chaos, change, and hope for the patients within the ward itself. â€Å"I hide in the mop closet and listen, my heart beating in the dark, and I try to keep from getting scared, try to get my thoughts off someplace else-try to think back and remember things about the village and the big Columbia River† , (chapter 1, lines page, 121, line 23). McMurphy’s actions throughout the novel are foreshadowed thus positioning the reader to question if he’s truly insane â€Å"And the third boy mutters, â€Å"Of course, the very nature of this plan could indicate that he [McMurphy] is simply a shrewd con man, and not mentally ill at all.† Chapter 2, Line.1, .Page 32-37). The relationship between nurse Ratchet and McMurphy is a vivid display of modern society and underling compressed issues. McMurphy s constant display of rebellion indicates the social connection between modern society and inheritance of the ward. Kesey expresses his ideologies of social society of both locations by the narration of Chief. â€Å"Good morning, Miss Rat-shed! How’s things on the outside?†, â€Å"You can’t run around here-in a towel!†, â€Å"No?† He looks down at the part of the towel she’s eye to eye with, and it’s wet and skin tight. â€Å"Towels against ward policy too? Well, I guess there’s nothin’ to do exec-â€Å", â€Å"Stop! Don’t you dare. You get back in that dorm and get your clothes on this instant!† (1.8.42-55) This quote illustrates the rebellion of McMurphy and the frustration of disruption of Nurse Ratchet. McMurphy’s actions contrast the ideas of the reader positioning the reader to see the value behind his rebellion. Courage within One flew over the cuckoo’s nest and To kill a mocking bird is a widely represented theme delivering the incandescent philosophies displayed through the character relationships. Within Kesey’s novel Chief Bromden foreshadows the example of courage. The silence of his character is a representation of his voice within the novel. Chief a schizophrenic notices the fabricated world of the ward; he is a personal protagonist within the text. Chief is recognised as a man with lost intelligence and ability to function by the patients of the ward. This secret is broken from the authority of the ward by the rebellion of McMurhpy. Chief is foreshadowed by the symbol of a broom; this demonstrates his ideas of the ward being a place to distress any form of rebellion within  modern society. McMurphy is therefore a juxtaposition of the broom and what it stands for, illustrating chaos and the cure to the patients. The Symbolism of Kesey’s novel allows the reader to gain a vivid view of the philosophies that are foreshadowed by the author through the characters. These ideas evoke reliability with the reader, thus positing the reader to connect the philosophies of Chief with the character personality of McMurphy. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel that illustrates the struggles towards sanity by chief . His narrations of the novel display his hardship and philosophies of McMurphy and Nurse Ratchets roles within the novel and the analogous connections within society during the 60’s. Chief illustrates his courage towards the reader through his silence through the course of the novel. Literary techniques in both texts are the basis of foreshadowing philosophies and ideas that are put forth to the reader by the authors. Imagery is vivid illustrated within One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Fog is resented as an alluded authority that restores isolation within the ward. The fog is only vivid to Chief, thus the author uses this to forces the reader to interpret the ideas of the author, evoking a sympathetic tone. The mocking bird within To Kill a Mocking Bird is an overarching metaphor and motif. The metaphor symbolises innocence and purity, thus the innocence of Tom Robinson in his racial discriminatory rape case, or the purity of the children within a small social town. â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it† Chapter 1, Page 30. The children are exposed to the event of Tom; as the text carries on the children begin to question the motive of the case and the social contention its making. This metaphor induces the political statement made by Lee, positioning the reader to connect the social, cultural and philosophical issues to modern day society. Tone is an important aspect of these texts. Tone allows the author to let their ideas be identified by the reader, this positioning the reader to forebode the events of the text. Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest enables the sympathy of the reader; a sympathetic tone shows compassion felt by the author towards the patients and illustrates the humanity and dignity  still apprehended by the patients. The tone displays the perception of truth by the patients; although they are restrained they still obtain freedom to go when pleased. The tone represented within Lee’s, To Kill a Mocking Bird is also sympathetic to the forms of isolation positioning the reader to recognise and relate the isolation within social aspects of society. Symbolism is an important literary technique that displays the depth of a text and the connections of symbols to the protagonists. Kesey uses the idea of keys as a statement of authority by the nurses. This authority is therefore broken by McMurphy when he steals the keys, this positions the reader to connect the ideas of isolation towards society and the forms of rebellion that are associated. Lee uses the mocking bird as a metaphor but also a symbol within his text. The bird represents freedom of oppression by trusted aspects of society. The oppression of political and racial analysis is broken by Scout. Scout questions the narrow philosophies and values of society; Lee uses the character of scout to make a social statement of the values of oppression within all aspects of society. This use of symbolism position the reader to question the morality of society and its racial opinions formed. Isolation and courage in the form of racism and discrimination is explored in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Kesey’s novel One flew over the cuckoo’s nest. Isolation is explored within the main themes, techniques and symbolism of the texts. The social, historical and cultural settings and connections provide the reader with an understanding of the philosophies and ideas presented by the author displaying isolation through the protagonists, settings and literary techniques. Bibliography 1. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. United States: Viking Press & Signet Books, 1962. Print. 2. Lee, Harper, To Kill a Mockingbird, London: Vintage, 2004. Print.

Tobacco Consumption in Adolescents A Health Promotion...

This essay will discuss the issue of smoking in adolescents from the Australian society. The discussion will include a recent campaign that has been created to cut the morbidity rates of smoking in adolescents from the Western Australian (WA) region. The campaign â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† provided an effective health promotion strategies to reduce tobacco enhancement for adolescents aged 10-15 years old. The essay will provide a better analysis on tobacco consumption in adolescents. Thus, portraying the potential impacts of smoking at a young age in the Western Australian society. As well as, a discussion about the implementation of the program â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† and its effectiveness in society will be further analyzed. Background on the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the rate for adolescent’s tobacco usage should be limited to prevent further deaths. Consequently, according to the report by the Cancer Council (2009) the majority of adult smokers has smoked cigarettes in their early adolescence. In the year 1999 the rates for smokers within the ages of 10-15 were 20% and the ages of 16-17 were 40% (STS, 2009). However, the article by Woods (2009) stipulates that in the year 1995, a survey was conducted on Western Australians residing across the Perth metropolitan area. The results showed that the proportion of 14-year-old smoker males decreased from 28.6% to a 16.8% in 2005 (Woods, 2009). Additionally, the article further specifies that these numbers have decreased over time because of the â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† campaign that influenced a greater decrease in the numbers of smokers, which targeted the Western Australian adolescent population (Woods, 2009). Although, the campaign had a significant decrease in the rates of smoking in adolescents, a survey conducted haphazardly in 2005 illustrated that smokers in secondary schools were 19% boys and 17% girls (which smoked prior to the week of conducting the survey) (Woods, 2009). Therefore, the â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† campaign has performed various interventions from the year 2005 onwards, to further decrease the numbers of smokers in the adolescent population (STS, 2009). About the program: The program â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† or STS is a multi-strategic long-standingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Tobacco Advertising1910 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction To say that tobacco advertising stimulates tobacco sales may seem a simple and moderate statement. In reality, tobacco control activists often meet serious opposition in defending this fact. Achieving the restriction or banning of tobacco advertising is one of the fiercest battles to face. 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